Rethinking Graffiti Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Rethinking Graffiti - Essay Example Because of its unsanctioned element and its wide variations, the legitimacy of graffiti as an art form is constantly questioned. According to Bowen, the practice of graffiti first emerged as a phenomena called tagging. Tagging consists of different artists contriving ways of marking their initials or names in strongly stylized lettering and using these marks to denote places they either claimed as their territory or as a means of informing others that the territory had been infiltrated. â€Å"Territorialism, as opposed to creativity and art, was the main motivation for the 1970s and 1980s New York graffiti artists. Their graffiti was considered vandalism, and was studied by sociologists, urban planners and anthropologists until placed in commercial galleries as art". As the taggers began to add more colors and images to their designs, graffiti became more advanced and started to cross the line between defacement and art. For many, therefore, it is considered the art of the streets. It was because of the easy accessibility to surfaces such as the subway cars in New York and the ability to gain widespread recognition throughout a large geographical area as these cars moved through the city that first gave rise to the art form in the 1970s. Through this medium, â€Å"art was delivered throughout the boroughs†. The unique position of graffiti enables it to become a voice of the common people. It is recognized as â€Å"one of the strongest assertions of individual identity in the art world†.

Genome-wide screen for Salmonella genes required for long-term Essay

Genome-wide screen for Salmonella genes required for long-term systemic infection of the mouse - Essay Example In this respect animal models of the disease process being caused by Salmonella have proved to be quite useful. The process by which Salmonella invades and then onwards maintains itself in the host species is not only a complicated but indeed and intriguing process. It is also an example of adaptive evolution and selective preservation of a genotype. Given its prevalence across a range of warm blooded hosts it has been possible to study the infection and virulence factors in several species. For instance while, murine infection with Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium has been used largely to replicate human typhoid (caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi), bovine infection caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Dublin or S. enterica serovar Typhimurium has been the extensively used to model intestinal disease. The ability of Salmonella to exist within its host for months following the initial invasion requires it to resist any innate immunity or more likely evolve/adapt to resist the host resistance. Since these bacteria are well able to establish long term system infection in their hosts, the genetic factors responsible for such ability need to be well established to counteract any pathogeneicity. While, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi is a strictly human pathogen, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is a murine pathogen that is increasingly been used to model human typhoid (caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi). ... In the mouse model, S. Typhimurium invades epithelial cells and can survive and proliferate in macrophage before entering the blood stream and causing a systemic infection. The macrophages are ideal places for the bacteria as they are able to elude the host's immune response in this. Indeed it has been evidenced that the longest duration of stay for slamonella within the host occurs in the macrophages. However for the most part understanding of the murine salmonella species has been limited to the Nramp1 susceptible (Nramp1s) mouse strains i.e. the BALB/c and C57Bl/6. Macrophages from Nramp1s mice permit a much higher rate of serovar Typhimurium replication in vitro as well as in vivo as compared to Nramp1r (Nramp1 is functional) macrophages. While this has upuntil date allowed for observation of the diseased condition, the hosts (mice) invariably are most severly affected by the bacteteria considerabily limiting the scope of study. The paper here however focuses on the novel Salmonella persistence model based on the mouse strain 129X1/SvJ (Nramp1r), which are typically resistant to the replication of the bacteria not succumbing easily to the virulence. Consequently the bacteria can be obtained from systemic sites even up to an year post infection which would help to increase the time spectrum of study if need be. Clearly as intricate an adaptive mechanism as seen in the samlonella species would require the contribution of several genes and virulence factors.The invasion-associated genes are required for intestinal secretory and inflammatory disease, that intracellular survival in both the intestinal epithelium and macrophages is essential for